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Urophora affinis
''Urophora affinis'' is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus ''Urophora'' of the family Tephritidae.〔(affinis )〕 It has been released in the United States and Canada as a biocontrol agent to control spotted knapweed. ''U. affinis'' became established in Montana in 1973.〔Story JM. 1995a. Spotted knapweed. In: Nechols JR, Andres LA, Beardsley JW, Goeden RD, Jackson CG, editors. Biological Control in the Western United States: Accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989 University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland. Publication 3361. pp 258-263〕
==Life History==
''U. affinis'' is multivoltine and overwinters as a larva in knapweed flower heads. In June, adults oviposit on seed heads. Each female can produce about 120 eggs.〔Zwolfer H. 1970. Investigations on the host-specificity of Urophora affinis Frfld. (Diptera, Trypetidae). Progress Report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. No. 25.〕 It has been shown to reduce seed production in knapweed (spotted and diffuse) by up to 95% 〔Harris P. 1980. Effects of Urophora affinis Frfld, and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on ''Centaurea diffusa'' Lam. and ''C. maculosa'' Lam. (Compositae). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 90:190-201.〕 but that is insufficient for effective management of either species.〔〔Powell RD. (1990) The functional forms of density-dependent birth and death rates in diffuse knapweed
(Centaurea diffusa) explain why it has not been controlled by ''Urophora affinis'', ''U. quadrifasciata'' and ''Sphenoptera jugoslavica''. In: Delfosse ES, editor. Proceedings VII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 6–11 March 1988, Rome, Italy. Instituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale (MAF). pp 195-202.〕 Overwintering ''Urophora'' larvae are heavily preyed upon by deer mice ''Peromyscus maniculatus''. The inability of ''Urophora'' species to control knapweed led to the introduction of other biocontrol agents, including the weevils ''Larinus minutus'' and ''Bangasternus fausti'', which also attack seed heads of kanpweed. In cage experiments, larvae of ''Larinus minutus'' and ''Bangasternus fausti'' have been shown to consume the developing ''U. affinis''. Reproduction of ''U. affinis'' was reduced by ''L. minutus''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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